Classical Thermodynamics
Classical thermodynamics is the study of heat, energy, and their relationship to work. It describes how thermal energy is converted to and from other forms of energy and how it affects matter.
Fundamental Concepts
- Temperature and Heat
- Internal Energy
- Work and Heat Transfer
- Entropy
- Thermodynamic Systems
Laws of Thermodynamics
Zeroth Law
If two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third system, they are in thermal equilibrium with each other.
First Law
Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted from one form to another.
Learn more about the First Law →
Second Law
The entropy of an isolated system always increases.
Learn more about the Second Law →
Third Law
As a system approaches absolute zero temperature, all processes cease and the entropy approaches a minimum value.
Heat Transfer Mechanisms
- Conduction - Transfer through direct contact
- Convection - Transfer through fluid motion
- Radiation - Transfer through electromagnetic waves
Applications
- Heat engines and refrigeration
- Phase transitions
- Chemical reactions
- Power generation
- Climate science